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In Chinese mythology, the xiao is the name of several creatures, including the xiao () "a long-armed ape" or "a four-winged bird" and shanxiao () "mischievous, one-legged mountain spirit". Furthermore, some western sources misspell and misconstrue the older romanisation ''hsiao'' as "hsigo" "a flying monkey". ==Chinese Xiao== Xiao or Hsiao (), alternately pronounced Ao (), is a mythological creature described as resembling either an ape or a bird. The Chinese word ''xiao'' (囂) means "noise; clamor; hubbub; haughty; proud; arrogant". During the Shang Dynasty (c. 1600-1046 BCE), Xiao was both the name of a historical capital (near modern Zhengzhou in Henan province) during the era of King Zhong Ding (r. c. 1421-1396 BCE), and the given name of King Geng Ding (r. c. 1170-1147 BCE). The Chinese character () for ''xiao'' ideographically combines the radicals ''kou'' ( "mouth", quadrupled as ) and ''ye'' () "head", thus signifying "many voices". The first Chinese character dictionary, the (121 CE) ''Shuowen Jiezi'' defines ''xiao'' (囂) as ''sheng'' (聲) "sound; noise", and cryptically says (气出頭上) "''qi'' is emitted on top of the head", which Duan Yucai's commentary explains as (聲出而气隨之) "noise is emitted and ''qi'' follows it". The ''Shanhaijing'' "Classic of Mountains and Seas" uses Xiao (some editions write the graphic variant 嚻) as the name of a river (Xiaoshui 囂水, tr. Birrell 2000:16, passim "River Hubbub") , a mountain (Beixiao zhi shan 北囂之山, tr. Birrell 2000:43 "Mount Northhubbub"), and two mythical creatures. The first Xiao, which supposedly resembles a ''yu'' () "monkey; ape", is found on the western mountain Yuci (羭次), Seventy leagues further west is a mountain called Mount Ewenext. … There is an animal on this mountain which looks like an ape, but it has longer arms and it is good at throwing things. Its name is the hubbub. (tr. Birrell 1999:15), One hundred ninety li farther west stands Black-Ewe Mountain … There is a beast here whose form resembles a Yu-Ape but with longer arms. It is adept at throwing things and is called the Xiao … Noisy-Ape. (tr. Strassberg 2002:99) The Chinese mythologist Yuan Ke (1980:27) suggests that ''xiao'' (囂) is a copyist's error for the graphically and phonologically similar ''nao'' (夒 "a kind of monkey"). The historical linguist Axel Schuessler (2009:180, 197, 149) reconstructs Old Chinese ''nao'' < *''nû'' (夒), ''xiao'' < *''hâu'' (囂) or ''ao'' < *''ŋâu'' (囂), and ''yu'' < *''ŋoh'' (禺). The second Hsiao, a mythological hybrid resembling Kuafu (夸父) the legendary giant who chased the sun, is found on the northern mountain Liangqu (梁渠), Three hundred and fifty leagues further north is a mountain called Mount Bridgedrain. … There is a bird here which looks like the boastfather; it has four wings, one eye, and a dog's tail. Its name is the hubbub. It makes a noise like a magpie. If you eat it, it will cure a bellyache, and it is effective for indigestion. (tr. Birrell 1999:44) There is a bird dwelling here whose form resembles Kuafu the Boaster but with four wings, one eye, and a dog's tail. It is called the Raucous-Bird, and it makes a sound like a magpie. Eating it will cure abdominal pain, and it can also stop diarrhea. (tr. Strassberg 2002:129) Although this passage compares the Xiao bird with the humanoid Kuafu, the ''Shanhaijing'' commentary of Guo Pu (276-324) says an early textual version writes the ''Jufu'' (), who is also described as ''yu'' "monkey; ape". The sub-commentary of Hao Yixing (郝懿行; 1757–1825) notes the association may be owing to the similar sounding names ''Kuafu'' and ''Jufu'' (Strassberg 2002:259). The relevant passage concerns the mountain Chongwu (崇吾), The first peak of the Classic of the Western Mountains, Part III, is called Mount Worshipmy. … There is an animal here which looks like an ape but its forearms have markings like a leopard or tiger, and it is good at throwing things. Its name is the liftfather. (tr. Birrell 2000:20-21) The first mountain along the third guideway through the Western Mountains is called Mount Chongwu. … There is a beast here who form resembles a Yu-Ape with leopard and tiger markings on its arms. It is adept at throwing things and is called the Jufu … Lifter (Strassberg 2002:104) The flying monkey in ancient China was sometimes simply referenced by the term 飛猱 (''fēináo'', literally meaning "flying monkey"), as in the poem "On the White Horse", by Cao Zhi (though, in this case, ''náo'' particularly implies a type of monkey with yellowish hair colour): and also, in this case, the meaning of "fly" extends metaphorically to "go quickly; dart; high". 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Xiao (mythology)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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